Full Cranial Nerves Examination Video:
Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain and the brainstem, in contrast to spinal nerves (which emerge from various segments of the spinal cord). Information is exchanged between the brain and various regions, primarily of the head and neck, via the cranial nerves.
You should do a full cranial nerve examination in the following USMLE step 2 CS cases:
- Headache
- Syncope (LOS)
- Dizziness
- Sleeping problem
- Memory loss/Confusion
- Weakness
- Back pain
- Tremor
- Hearing loss
| Nerve name | Nerve no. | Function | Type |
| Olfactory | 1 | Smell | Sensory |
| Optic | 2 | Vision, sight | Sensory |
| Oculomotor | 3 | Eye movement, Pupillary constriction, accommodation, eyelid opening | Motor |
| Trochlear | 4 | Eye movement (superior oblique muscle) | Motor |
| Trigeminal | 5 | Mastication, Facial sensation, Corneal reflex | Sensory and Motor |
| Abducens | 6 | Eye movement (lateral rectus) | Motor |
| Facial | 7 | Facial movement, taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue, lacrimation, salivation, eyelid closing, stapedius muscle in ear | Sensory and Motor |
| Vestibulocochlear | 8 | Hearing, balance | Sensory |
| Glossopharyngeal | 9 | Taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue, swallowing, salivation (parotid gland), monitoring carotid body and sinus chemo- and baroreceptors | Sensory and Motor |
| Vegus | 10 | Taste from epiglottic region, swallowing, palate elevation, midline uvula, talking, coughing, thoracoabdominal viscera, monitoring aortic arch chemo- and baroreceptors | Sensory and Motor |
| Accessory | 11 | Head turning, shoulder shrugging (SCM, trapezius) | Motor |
| Hypoglossal | 12 | Tongue movement | Motor |
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