Schilling Test: The Schilling test is a medical investigation strategy used for patients with vitamin B12 deficiency. The purpose of the test is to determine whether the patient has …

The renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance. The juxtaglomerular cells are a group of baroreceptors located in the afferent arterioles …

Pupillary Light Reflex Pathway Pupillary Light Reflex Pathway, is a reflex that controls the diameter of the pupil, in response to the intensity (luminance) of light that falls on the …

MLF syndrome, Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO), is a disorder of conjugate lateral gaze in which the affected eye shows impairment of adduction. When an attempt is made to gaze contralaterally (relative …