Weight loss via exercise is more difficult for obese people, data suggests.
Obesity is a complex disease involving an excessive amount of body fat. Obesity isn’t just a cosmetic concern. It’s a medical problem that increases the risk of other diseases and health problems.
Obesity-related conditions ↗ include heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes and certain types of cancer. These are among the leading causes of preventable, premature death.
Obesity is a common, serious, and costly disease
- According to CDC, the U.S. obesity prevalence ↗ was 42.4% in 2017 – 2018.
- From 1999 –2000 through 2017 –2018, US obesity prevalence increased from 30.5% to 42.4%. During the same time, the prevalence of severe obesity increased from 4.7% to 9.2%.
- The estimated annual medical cost of obesity ↗ in the United States was $147 billion in 2008. Medical costs for people who had obesity was $1,429 higher than medical costs for people with healthy weight.
There are many reasons why some people have difficulty losing weight. Usually, obesity results from inherited, physiological and environmental factors, combined with unhealthy diet, poor physical activity and exercise choices.
The good news is that even modest weight loss can improve or prevent the health problems associated with obesity. A healthier diet, increased physical activity and behavior changes can help with weight loss. Prescription medications and weight-loss procedures are additional options for treating obesity.
Research finds that when humans exercise, our bodies limit the energy used on basic metabolic functions
Research data shows obese individuals have more difficulty achieving weight loss via exercise.
A run that burns 300 calories may not always equate to a total increase in daily energy expenditure of 300 calories.
Initially, researchers thought that the total energy we spend in a day is the sum of energy expended due to activity (ranging from light gardening to running a marathon) and energy used for basic functioning (what keeps us ticking even when we are doing nothing, such as immune function and wound healing).
But preliminary lab research indicates that that simple addition could be misleading – estimates of total daily expenditure tend to be less than the sum of baseline and activity expenditure in individuals.
To explore this further, a group of international scientists analysed measurements of energy expenditure from 1,754 adults from a dataset collected over decades and supplied by the International Atomic Energy Agency.
They found that increasing levels of activity by exercising more, for instance, led to each person’s body compensating by limiting the energy expended on basic metabolic functions over a longer period, according to the study published in the journal Current Biology.
For instance, if you go for a run and your activity tracker says you burned 300 calories (and you didn’t eat any differently) – you may assume that your total daily energy expenditure went up by 300 calories.
That may be the case in the short term, but over the long term the body starts to compensate for this extra energy exertion by reducing the energy spent on other processes, said lead author Prof Lewis Halsey from the University of Roehampton.
“It’s like the government trying to balance the budget – if it’s spending more on education for instance, then it might need to spend less on roads,” he said.
This can also be seen in people trying to lose weight – they may find that they lose some weight to start with, but over the course of weeks and months, that loss irritatingly plateaus, and part of the reason could be that their body is using less energy for baseline functioning.
Overall, the analysis showed that in individuals with the highest BMI (body mass index), roughly half of the calories burned in activity translated to calories burned at the end of the day, while in those with normal BMI, about 72% of calories burned during activity were reflected in total daily energy expenditure.
“There does seem to be … greater energy compensation in people with a higher BMI,” Halsey said, cautioning that it was unclear why.
“Are these people heavier, in part, because they energy compensate more, or is it that they energy compensate more once they are heavier? We don’t know.”
Resolving questions about the causality of the relationship between energy compensation and the accumulation of body fat will be key to shaping and improving public health strategies regarding obesity, the researchers highlighted.
Which part of the body’s baseline functioning is forfeited to compensate for additional activity is also unclear, Halsey noted.
Still, exercise remains a healthy thing to do, aside from trying to burn calories.
“And if we push too hard to burn lots of calories by ever increasing our exercise,” he said, “we could get into a bit of trouble because as our bodies compensate more and more … we could start to see the detrimental effects.”